{"id":3081,"date":"2022-03-16T15:43:29","date_gmt":"2022-03-16T15:43:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/?page_id=3081"},"modified":"2022-11-04T17:26:41","modified_gmt":"2022-11-04T17:26:41","slug":"bibliography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Primary Sources<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n


Books<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

DuBois, W.E.B. \u201cThe Negro Farmer.\u201d In Negroes in the United States,<\/em> by William Chamberlain Hunt, Walter Francis Wilcox, and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hall, Charles E., and Z. R. Pettet. Negro in the United States, 1920-1932. <\/em>Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1935.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Journal Articles<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bates, Thelma. \u201cThe Legal Status of the Negro in Florida.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 6, no. 3 (1928): 159\u201381.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Knauss, James Owen. \u201cThe Growth of Florida\u2019s Election Laws.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 5, no. 1 (1926): 3\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Newspaper Articles<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201c65 Lynched in U.S. Last Year.\u201d Baraboo Weekly<\/em>. October 6, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c65 Lynched in U.S. Last Year.\u201d The Evening Journal<\/em>. October 15, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA Severe Lesson to the Negroes.\u201d The Ocala Evening Star<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA Warning.\u201d The Ocala Evening Star<\/em>. November 8, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAn Open Letter to the Governor of the State of Florida.\u201d National Republican<\/em>. November 13, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs Negro Houses Burned At Ocoee Great Mass of Ammunition Is Exploded.\u201d Orlando Morning Sentinel<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBetween 30 and 60 Negroes Killed in Florida Election Day.\u201d Baltimore Herald<\/em>. November 7, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cColored K. of P. Convention.\u201d The Ocala Evening Star<\/em>. May 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCongress Denounces Negro League\u2019s Leaders.\u201d New York Tribune<\/em>. January 6, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCongressman Assails Motives of Pro Negro Advancement Society.\u201d Daily Ardmoreite<\/em>. January 7, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCongressmen Will Refute the Aspersions Cast on State Before Committee.\u201d Lakeland Evening Telegram<\/em>. December 31, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDemand Election Inquiry.\u201d The Bystander<\/em>. December 9, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cElection Race Riot Toll in Florida Is 8.\u201d Indiana Daily Times<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFatalities in Election Riot at Ocoee, Fla.\u201d Norwich Bulletin<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFederal Investigation of Lynching Demanded.\u201d Odgen Standard<\/em>. November 6, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFormer Service Men Patrol Towns to Prevent Riots.\u201d Grand Forks Herald<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGrand Chancellor Andrews\u2019 Official Visits.\u201d The Florida Metropolis<\/em>. April 1, 1920. Provided by the George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHerbert Philips Will Make a Report on the Killing Nov. 2nd of Negroes at Ocoee.\u201d The Ocala Evening Star<\/em>. December 17, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInvestigate Election Riots Staged in Florida.\u201d Richmond Palladium<\/em>. December 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cK.P. Convention Here Next Week.\u201d Tallahassee Democrat<\/em>. May 14, 1915.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMay Investigate Burning Negroes Election Day.\u201d Evening Capital<\/em>. November 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN.A.A.C.P. Investigates Claims 30 Negroes Slain in Florida.\u201d The Dallas Express<\/em>. January 1, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegro at Orlando Taken from Police and Whipped.\u201d Lakeland Evening Telegram<\/em>. July 23, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegro K. of P. Meeting Here.\u201d The Tampa Times.<\/em> May 20, 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegro Pythians Bring Convention to Close.\u201d Orlando Evening Star.<\/em> May 24, 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegroes Whipped by Orlando Mob.\u201d Pensacola Journal<\/em>. July 24, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegroes Leave Ocoee.\u201d Florida Times-Union<\/em>. November 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNegroes Quit Ocoee.\u201d Bisbee Daily<\/em>. November 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNews of the Week Told in Paragraphs.\u201d The Ocala Banner<\/em>. November 12, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNews of the Week Told in Paragraphs.\u201d The Ocala Banner<\/em>. December 24, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOcoee Claims 2 White Victims.\u201d Orlando Morning Sentinel<\/em>. November 3, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOcoee Riot to Be Probed by Federal District Atty.\u201d Lakeland Evening Telegram<\/em>. December 17, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOutbreak at Ocoee.\u201d The Ocala Banner<\/em>. November 3, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPractically All Negroes Have Left Ocoee, Fla.\u201d Norwich Bulletin<\/em>. November 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cProbe into Killing Od 20 Negroes Begun.\u201d Washington Herald<\/em>. December 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRace Riot in Orange County.\u201d Florida Times-Union<\/em>. November 3, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRace Riots Near [Sic]: Two White Men Dead; Negro Hanged; Others Killed; Negro Huts Burned.\u201d The Daytona Daily News<\/em>. November 3, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRiot in Florida – Three Shot – Many Burned – Carried Guns to Polls.\u201d Keowee Courier<\/em>. November 10, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRioting New Orlando Results in the Death of Two Whites, Many Negroes.\u201d Sanford Herald<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSays 30 Negroes Were Slain in Florida on Election Day.\u201d New York Post<\/em>. December 15, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cService Men as Riot Guards.\u201d Bridgeport Times<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cService Men Guard Streets of Orlando.\u201d The Richmond Palladium<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSmall Boy Hid Under Store at Ocoee 48 Hours.\u201d Florida Times-Union<\/em>. November 6, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSouthern Solons to Prove Charges of Negroes False.\u201d Richmond Times Dispatch<\/em>. October 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSouthern Congressmen Roused by Insulting Reference to South.\u201d Lakeland Evening Telegram<\/em>. December 30, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSouthern Election Riots.\u201d Daily Gate City<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cState Representative From Florida Declares That Qualified Negroes Were Allowed to Vote, Denounces N.A.A.C.P.\u201d The Dallas Express<\/em>. October 22, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSteady, Men.\u201d Sanford Herald<\/em>. November 5, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo Probe Race Troubles.\u201d Evening Times<\/em>. December 17, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTrying to Cut Congressional Representation.\u201d The Richmond Planet<\/em>. October 8, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTwo White Men and Eight Negroes Slain in Election Clash.\u201d News Scimitar<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTwo Whites, 6 Negroes Slain in Florida Riot.\u201d New York Tribune<\/em>. November 4, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cU.S. Inquiry Ordered Into Election Riots in Florida.\u201d New York Tribune<\/em>. December 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cU.S. Will Inquire Into Election Riots: Florida Official Instructed in Death of Negroes at Ocoee.\u201d Evening Star<\/em>. December 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWoman Escaped from Florida Mob but Rest of Family Died.\u201d New York Age<\/em>. December 18, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Other Primary Sources<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Green, S.W., Joseph L. Jones, and E.A. Williams. History and Manual of the Colored Knights of Pythias<\/em>. Nashville: National Baptist Publishing Board, 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, Rusty, Larry Brison, Sr., Rosemary Wilsen, Richer Firstner, Robert D. Frank, and George Oliver, III. \u201cAn Official Formal Apology.\u201d City Commission of the City of Ocoee<\/em>. November 8, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, Rusty. \u201cOcoee City Government Official Proclamation.\u201d City Commission of the City of Ocoee<\/em>. November 20, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocoee, FL | Official Website. https:\/\/ocoee.org\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Secondary Sources<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n


Books<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Allen, James, Hilton Als, John Lewis, and Leon F. Litwick. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America<\/em>. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Twin Palms, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anderson, Carol. One Person, No Vote: How Voter Suppression Is Destroying Our Democracy<\/em>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide<\/em>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, n.d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayers, Edward. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction<\/em>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bailey, A.K., and S.E. Tolnay. Lynched: The Victims of Southern Mob Violence<\/em>. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bell, Gladys Frank. Visions Through My Father\u2019s Eyes<\/em>. Outskirts Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berman, Ari. Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America<\/em>. New York: Picador\/Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blackmon, Douglas. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Establishment of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II<\/em>. New York: Anchor Books, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. <\/em>Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carter, Dan T. From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterculture, 1963-1994. <\/em>Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cocelski, David S., and Timothy B. Tyson, eds. Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot and Its Legacy.<\/em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019Orso, Michael. Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood<\/em>. New York: G.P. Putnam\u2019s Sons, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America<\/em>. New York: Modern Library, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DuBois, W.E.B. \u201cThe Negro Farmer.\u201d In Negroes in the United States,<\/em> by William Chamberlain Hunt, Walter Francis Wilcox, and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunn, Marvin. The Beast In Florida: A History of Anti-Black Violence<\/em>. Florida: University of Florida Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. The History of Florida: Through Black Eyes<\/em>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Equal Justice Initiative. Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror<\/em>. 3rd ed. Equal Justice Initiative, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America\u2019s Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877<\/em>. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow<\/em>. New York: Penguin Press, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giddings, Paula J. Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynchings<\/em>. California: Amistad Publishing, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896.<\/em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness<\/em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ginzburg, Ralph. 100 Years of Lynching<\/em>. Baltimore, Maryland: Black Classic Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green, Ben, Before His Time: The Untold Story of Harry T. Moore, America\u2019s First Civil Rights Martyr.<\/em> Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hall, Charles E., and Z. R. Pettet. Negro in the United States, 1920-1932. <\/em>Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1935.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hobbs, Tameka Bradley. Democracy Abroad, Lynching at Home: Racial Violence in Florida<\/em>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ifill, Sherrilyn A. On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the Twenty-First Century<\/em>. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jaspin, Elliot. Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America<\/em>. New York: Basic Books, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jensen, Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. <\/em>New York: Rand McNally & Company, 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jones, Doug. Bending Toward Justice: The Birmingham Church Bombing That Changed the Course of Civil Rights<\/em>. New York: All Point Books, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jones, Martha. Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America<\/em>. Studies in Legal History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keith, Jeanette, Rich Man\u2019s War, Poor Man\u2019s Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War.<\/em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key, V. O.  Southern Politics in State and Nation. <\/em>New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kornweibel Jr, Theodore. \u201cInvestigate Everything\u201d: Federal Efforts to Compel Black Loyalty during World War I. <\/em>Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910.<\/em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lassiter, Matthew D. The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. <\/em>Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lawson, Steven F. Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941<\/em>. 4th ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lichtenstein, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South<\/em>. London: Verso, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Litwack, Leon F. \u201cThe Birth of a Nation.\u201d In Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies<\/em>, ed. by Mark C. Carnes. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MacManus, Susan, Tyler Myers, and Lauren Kay. Florida\u2019s Minority Trailblazers: The Men and Women Who Changed the Face of Florida Government<\/em>. Florida Government and Politics. Florida: University Press of Florida, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mancini, Matthew. One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928<\/em>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maraniss, Andrew. Strong Inside: Perry Wallace and the Collision of Race and Sports in the South<\/em>. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940<\/em>. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

May, Gary. Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy<\/em>. New York: Basic Books, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McCarthy, Kevin M. African American Sites in Florida<\/em>. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miller, Vivien M. Crime, Sexual Violence, and Clemency: Florida\u2019s Pardon Board and Penal System in the Progressive Era<\/em>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Newton, Michael. The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida<\/em>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u2019Barr, William M. Culture and the Ad: Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising<\/em>. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ore, Ersula J. Lynching: Violence, Rhetoric, and American Identity<\/em>. Race, Rhetoric, and Media. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortiz, Paul. Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920<\/em>. Berkeley: University Press of California, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortiz, Paul. \u201cEat Your Bread without Butter, but Pay Your Poll Tax!\u201d In Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850-1950<\/em>, eds., Charles M. Payne and Adam Green. New York: New York University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perman, Michael. Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908<\/em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phillips, Patrick. Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America<\/em>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schein, Richard H., ed. Landscape and Race in the United States<\/em>. New York and London: Routledge, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shofner, Jerrell H. History of Apopka and Northwest Orange County, Florida<\/em>. Florida: Apopka Historical Society, 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sims, Angela D. Ethical Complications of Lynchings: Ida B. Wells\u2019s Interrogation of American Terror<\/em>. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. Lynched: The Power of Memory in a Culture of Terror<\/em>. Texas: Baylor University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stevenson, Bryan. Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption<\/em>. United Kingdom: Oneworld Publications, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tolnay, Stewart, and E.M. Beck. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930<\/em>. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vandiver, Margaret. Lethal Punishment: Lynchings and Legal Executions in the South<\/em>. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, n.d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Waldrep, Christopher. African Americans Confront Lynching: Strategies of Resistance from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Era<\/em>. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. Lynching in America: A History in Documents<\/em>. New York: New York University Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wallis, Jim. America\u2019s Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Watts, Jill. The Black Cabinet: The Untold Story of African Americans and Politics During the Age of Roosevelt<\/em>. New York: Grove Press, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

White, Walter. Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch<\/em>. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Williams, Chad L. Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in World War I Era. <\/em>Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wood, Amy Louise. Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940<\/em>. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodward, C. Vann.  Origins of the New South, 1877-1913.<\/em> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1951, 1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zucchino, David. Wilmington\u2019s Lie: The Murderous Coup of 1898 and the Rise of White Supremacy. <\/em>New York: Grove Press, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Digital Archives<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Blackman, William Fremont. (1927). \u201cHistory of Orange County Florida Narrative and Biographical.\u201d E.O. Painter Printing Co. http:\/\/www.genealogytrails.com\/fla\/orange\/chapt7.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Block, Herbert, Artist. Continuation of a march \/ Herblock. (1965). Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2003652661\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currier & Ives. The first colored senator and representatives \u2013 in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States. United States, 1872. New York: Published by Currier & Ives. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/98501907\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dickinson, Martin F. and Lucy B. Wayne. (January 26, 2003). \u201cLimited Review of Possible Cemetery Indications, Forest Ridge PUD, Orange County, Florida.\u201d SOUTHARC. Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFlorida Deaths, 1877-1939.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Jannie Hightower in 1926. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:FP3J-9VX<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFlorida Deaths, 1877-1939.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Valentine Hightower in 1932. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:FPZJ-12Y<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFlorida Marriages, 1837-1974.\u201d Database, FamilySearch. Entry for V.T. Hightower on April 1, 1893. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:FW9K-C8V<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Florida Memory, State Library and Archives of Florida. Includes photographs, video, audio, collections, exhibits, and classroom materials. https:\/\/floridamemory.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFlorida Racial Violence.\u201d (Thursday, June 23, 2011). Footprints in the Dust<\/em>. http:\/\/sob-leaningleft.blogspot.com\/2011\/06\/florida-racial-violence.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFlorida State Census, 1885.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Valentine Hightower in the house of BM Sims. NARA microfilm M845. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:MNJZ-D4G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joel Buchanan Archive of African American Oral History. http:\/\/dloc.com\/OHFB<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lewis, Jeffrey, Brandon DeVine, and Lincoln Pritcher with Kenneth C. Martis. \u201cUnited States Congressional District Shapefiles.\u201d UCLA<\/em>, 2013. https:\/\/cdmaps.polisci.ucla.edu\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLynching in America: A Community Remembrance Project.\u201d Accessed September 2017. Equal Justice Initiative <\/em>http:\/\/eji.org\/reports\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mahony, Felix, Artist. Your last chance to register. It\u2019s so easy and a great privilege. (1908). Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2016683285\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monroe and Florence Work Today<\/em>. https:\/\/plaintalkhistory.com\/monroeandflorencework\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nast, Thomas. \u201cOne Vote Less.\u201d Presidential Campaigns: A Cartoon History, 1789-1976.<\/em> Accessed September 28, 2021. http:\/\/collections.libraries.indiana.edu\/presidentialcartoons\/items\/show\/133<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nast, Thomas. \u201cSkeleton \u2018solid Southern shotgun\u2019 holding shotgun at polls, to prevent African Americans from voting, 1879.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly.<\/em> October 18, 1879, p. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nast, Thomas. \u201cThis is a white man\u2019s government.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly<\/em>. September 5, 1868, p. 568.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okamoto, Yoichi R. \u201cJohnson signs Voting Rights Act.\u201d Digital Public Library of America.<\/em> https:\/\/dp.la\/item\/0a3041caaac9d5210e8c241326f2c6c0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onion, Rebecca. (July 6, 2015). \u201cInteractive Map Catalogs a History of Collective Violence Against Black Communities.\u201d SLATE. http:\/\/www.slate.com\/blogs\/the_vault\/2015\/07\/06\/history_of_violence_against_black_communities_mapping_project_for_lynching.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rajtar, Steve. (1999). \u201cOcoee Historical Trail.\u201d http:\/\/www.oocities.org\/yosemite\/rapids\/8428\/hikeplans\/ocoee\/planocoee.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Road-building by a chain gang. <\/em>1925. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. <https:\/\/www.floridamemory.com\/items\/show\/29041>, accessed 21 September 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The election\u2013At the polls \/ W.J.H. (1857). Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/97512416\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Georgetown Election \u2013 The Negro at the Ballot Box.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly<\/em>, March 16, 1867, p. 172.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirteenth Census of the United States taken in the year 1910<\/em>, Volume 1, Population 1910: General Report and Analysis<\/em>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1915.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUnited States Census, 1900.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Valentine Hightower in Precincts 10-11, Ocoee, Apopka. NARA microfilm T623. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:M368-9QB<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUnited States Census, 1910.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Valentine Hightower in Ocoee. NARA microfilm T624. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:MVKV-WNL<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUnited States Census, 1920.\u201d Database with images, FamilySearch. Entry for Valentine Hightower in Ocoee. NARA microfilm T625. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:MNB7-NHS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Ocoee city, Florida. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/ocoeecityflorida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWilmington, N.C. race riot, 1898.\u201d The Daily Record. <\/em>November 26, 1898. Courtesy of Library of Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Documentaries and Digital Media<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cassanello, Robert, Lisa Mills, and Kathy Parry. Hymns of Three Cities<\/em>, 2015. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/161305317<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murphy, Michael. \u201cArchitecture That\u2019s Built to Heal.\u201d TED Talk<\/em>, February 2016. https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/michael_murphy_architecture_that\u2019s_built_to_heal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRemembering the Victims of the Ocoee Massacre.\u201d Intersections<\/em>. Orlando, Florida: 90.7 WMFE, March 19, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stevenson, Bryan. \u201cWe Need to Talk About an Injustice.\u201d TED Talk<\/em>, March 2012. https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/bryan_stevenson_we_need_to_talk_about_an_injustice<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

White, Bianca, and Sandra Krasa. Ocoee: Legacy of the Election Day Massacre<\/em>. DVD. Florida: Wise Eye Media, Inc., 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n



Journal Articles<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Armstead, Cathleen L. \u201cCompeting Narratives, Fragmented Community. Stories of the Ocoee Massacre of 1920.\u201d Selected Annual Proceeding of the Florida Conference of Historians<\/em>. Annual Meeting 2000\/2001. Volumes 8\/9 (February 2002): 57. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ball, Howard. \u201cRacial Vote Dilution: Impact of the Reagan DOJ and the Burger Court on the Voting Rights Act.\u201d Publius<\/em> 16, no. 4 (1986): 29-48. Accessed July 22, 2021. doi:10.2307\/3330157.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Byrne, Jason. \u201cOcoee on Fire: The 1920 Election Day Massacre.\u201d Medium<\/em>, November 23, 2014. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/medium.com\/florida-history\/ocoee-on-fire-the-1920-election-day-massacre-38adbda9666e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cassanello, Robert. \u201cThe Right to Vote and the Long Nineteenth Century in Florida.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 95, no. 2 (2016): 194\u2013220.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chalmers, David. \u201cThe Ku Klux Klan in the Sunshine State: The 1920\u2019s.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 42, no. 3 (1964): 209\u201315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colbourn, David. \u201cRosewood and America in the Early Twentieth Century.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 76, no. 2 (1997): 175\u201392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danese, Tracey E. \u201cDisfranchisement, Women\u2019s Suffrage and the Failure of the Florida Grandfather Clause.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 74, no. 2 (1995): 117\u201331.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emmons, Caroline. \u201c\u2018Somebody Has Got to Do That Work:\u2019 Harry T. Moore and the Struggle for African-American Voting Rights in Florida.\u201d The Journal of Negro History<\/em> 82, no. 2 (1997): 232\u201343.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fussell, Melissa. \u201cDead Men Bring No Claims: How Takings Claims Can Provide Redress for Real Property Owning Victims of Jim Crow Race Riots.\u201d William and Mary Law Review<\/em> 57, no. 5 (2016): 1913.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gordon, Fon L. \u201cEarly Motoring in Florida: Making Car Culture and Race in the New South, 1903-1943.\u201d Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 95, no. 4 (Spring 2017), 517-537.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green, Elna C. \u201cHidden in Plain View: Eugene Poulnot and the History of Southern Radicalism.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 84, no. 3 (2006): 349\u201382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harrison, Jonathon. \u201cThe Rise of Jim Crow in Fort Myers, 1885-1930.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 94, no. 1 (2015): 40\u201367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hoffmann, Carlee. \u201cA Perfect Storm: The Ocoee Riot of 1920.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 93, no. 1 (2014): 24\u201343.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iorio, Pam. \u201cColorless Primaries: Tampa\u2019s White Municipal Party.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 79, no. 3 (2001): 297\u2013318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson, Jr., David H. \u201cBooker T. Washington\u2019s Tour of the Sunshine State, March 1912.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 81, no. 3 (2003): 254\u201378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson, Jr., David H., and Kimberlyn M. Elliott. \u201cAfrican Americans in Florida, 1870-1920: A Historical Essay.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 96, no. 2 (2016): 152\u201393.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jennings, Warren A. \u201cSidney J. Catts and the Democratic Primary of 1920.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 39, no. 3 (1961): 203\u201320.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jones, Maxine D. \u201cThe Rosewood Massacre and the Women Who Survived It.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 76, no. 2 (1997): 193\u2013208.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201c\u2018Without Compromise or Fear\u2019: Florida\u2019s African American Female Activists.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 77, no. 4 (1999): 475\u2013502.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lempel, Leonard R. \u201cThe Mayor\u2019s \u2018Henchmen and Henchwomen, Both White and Colored\u2019: Edward H. Armstrong and the Politics of Race in Daytona Beach, 1900-1940.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 79, no. 3 (2001): 267\u201396.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mormino, Gary R. \u201cFlorida Slave Narratives.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 66, no. 4 (1988): 399\u2013419.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u2019Rourke, Timothy G. Constitutional and Statutory Challenges to Local At-Large Elections<\/em>, 17 U. Rich. L. Rev. 39 (1982).
Available at: https:\/\/scholarship.richmond.edu\/lawreview\/vol17\/iss1\/3<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ostrow, Ashira Pelman. \u201cOne Person, One Weighted Vote.\u201d Florida Law Review<\/em> 68, no. 6 (November 2016): 1-43.  https:\/\/scholarship.law.ufl.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1340&context=flr<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peek, Ralph F. \u201cElection of 1870 and the End of Reconstruction in Florida.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 45, no. 4 (1967): 352\u201368.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pruitt, Paul M. \u201cHistoric Notes and Documents: Judge Henry D. Clayton and \u2018A Klansman\u2019: A Revealing Exchange of Views.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 81, no. 3 (2003): 323\u201347.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rivers, Larry Eugene, and Canter Brown. \u201c’A Monument to the Progress of the Race\u2019: The Intellectual and Political Origins of the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1865-1887.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 85, no. 1 (2006): 1\u201341.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanders, Hank, and Frances M. Beal. \u201cBlack Scholar Interview with Hank Sanders: DEFENDING VOTING RIGHTS IN THE ALABAMA BLACK BELT.\u201d The Black Scholar<\/em> 17, no. 3 (1986): 25-34. Accessed July 22, 2021. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41067271<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sellers, Sean and Gred Asbed. \u201cThe History and Evolution of Forced Labor in Florida Agriculture.\u201d Race\/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts<\/em> 5, no. 1 (Autumn 2011): 29-49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shofner, Jerrell H. \u201cCustom, Law, and History: The Enduring Influence of Florida\u2019s \u2018Black Code\u2019.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 55, no. 3 (1977): 277\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cFraud and Intimidation in the Florida Election of 1876.\u201d The Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 42, no. 4 (1964): 321\u201330.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Labor League of Jacksonville: A Negro Union and White Strikebreakers.\u201d Florida Historical Quarterly<\/em> 50, no. 3 (January 1973) 278-282.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vandiver, Margaret. \u201cFlorida Shame: The Lake City Lynching of 1911.\u201d Criminal Law Bulletin<\/em> 50, no. 4 (2014): 831\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wilkerson-Freeman, Sarah. \u201cThe Second Battle for Woman Suffrage: Alabama White Women, the Poll Tax, and V. O. Key\u2019s Master Narrative of Southern Politics.\u201d Journal of Southern History<\/em> 68, no. 2 (May 2002): 333-374.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Magazine Articles<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Asip-Kneitschel, Stacey. \u201cNYC purged 200,000 voters in 2016. It wasn\u2019t a mistake.\u201d City and State NY<\/em>, November 8, 2018. https:\/\/www.cityandstateny.com\/politics\/2018\/11\/nyc-purged-200000-voters-in-2016-it-wasnt-a-mistake\/177964\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Couric, Katie. \u201cThe Blood of Lynching Victims Is in This Soil.\u201d National Geographic<\/em>, April 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First-Arai, Leanna. \u201cHow Soil Acts as a Living Witness to Racial Violence.\u201d Yes! Magazine<\/em>, February 27, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herring, Troy. \u201cA Century Removed: Truth and Reconciliation of the 1920 Ocoee Massacre.\u201d Orange Observer<\/em>, October 28, 2020. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.orangeobserver.com\/article\/a-century-removed-truth-and-reconciliation-of-the-1920-ocoee-massacre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hobbs, Allyson, and Nell Freudenberger. \u201cA Visit to Montgomery\u2019s Legacy Museum.\u201d The New Yorker<\/em>, July 17, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hurston, Zora Neale. \u201cThe Ocoee Riot.\u201d Essence<\/em>, February 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ifill, Sherrilyn A. \u201cHow the South Memorializes- and Forgets- It\u2019s History of Lynching.\u201d Time<\/em>, August 28, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maraniss, Andrew. \u201cLegacy of Bloody Election Day Lingers in Ocoee, Florida.\u201d The Undefeated<\/em>, November 4, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rossiter, Jenna. \u201cDigging up America\u2019s Racist Past: UP Students Experience History of Social Justice and Civil Rights.\u201d Up Beacon (University of Portland)<\/em>, n.d. Upbeacon.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shaer, Matthew. \u201cA New Memorial Remembers the Thousands of African-Americans Who Were Lynched.\u201d The Atlantic<\/em>, March 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smart-Grosvenor, Vertamae. \u201cThe Ocoee Riot.\u201d Essence<\/em>, February 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith, Jamil. \u201cOn a Hill in Alabama, the Lynched Haunt Us.\u201d Rolling Stone<\/em>, May 16, 2018. https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/features\/national-lynching-memorial-w519526<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toobin, Jeffrey. \u201cThe Legacy of Lynching, On Death Row.\u201d The New Yorker<\/em>, August 22, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ware, Adam. \u201c’The Conflicting Testimony Continues:\u2019 The Ocoee Riot, 95 Years Later.\u201d Reflections<\/em>, Spring 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Articles from Newspapers<\/u><\/em><\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Baquero, Gabby. \u201cOcoee Debates Markers Memorializing 1920 Election Day Massacre.\u201d West Orange Times & Observer<\/em>. September 6, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Byrne, Jason. \u201cOcoee On Fire: The 1920 Election Day Massacre.\u201d Florida History<\/em>. November 23, 2014. Medium.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clark, Jim. \u201cLynching: Florida\u2019s Brutal Distinction.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. March 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cotter, Holland. \u201cRemembering Lynching\u2019s Toll.\u201d New York Times. <\/em>June 3, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dickinson, Joy Wallace. \u201cFilm Airs Ocoee\u2019s Riot and Its Legacy.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. November 10, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cRemembering Day of Darkness.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. November 3, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ericson, Jr., Edward. \u201cDead Wrong.\u201d Orlando Weekly<\/em>. October 1, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fallstrom, Jerry. \u201cVictims of Ocoee Violence Have Little Hope of Payment.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. March 27, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furman, Anna. \u201cHow Art Is Being Used to Explore America\u2019s Shameful Legacy of Lynching.\u201d The Guardian<\/em>. July 13, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gillespie, Ryan. \u201cMarker Acknowledging Ocoee Massacre, July Perry\u2019s Lynching, Planned in Orlando.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. April 8, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamburg, Jay. \u201cOcoee Living Down Past 66 Years After Race Riot.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. September 7, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herring, Troy. \u201cA Century Removed: Truth and Reconciliation of the 1920 Ocoee Massacre.\u201d Orange Observer. October 28, 2020. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.orangeobserver.com\/article\/a-century-removed-truth-and-reconciliation-of-the-1920-ocoee-massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hudak, Stephen. \u201cDawn of a New Day. Ocoee City Hall Proclamation.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. November 20, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cOcoee Approves Marker for Election Day Massacre.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. April 4, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cOcoee Renounces Racist Past, Promises Harmony and Justice.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. November 22, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cOcoee Struggles with Racial Legacy as National Memorial Recognizing Lynching Victims Opens.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. April 21, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cRecognition of Injustice.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. June 22, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kunerth, Jeff. \u201cReport: Orange County Ranks 6th in Lynchings from 1877-1950.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. February 11, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laerty, James. \u201cHow White Americans Used Lynchings to Terrorize and Control Black People.\u201d The Guardian<\/em>. April 26, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lee, Curtis. \u201c\u2018Capital Punishment Is the Stepchild of Lynching.\u2019 Here\u2019s What Bryan Stevenson Hopes to Address with a Memorial Honoring Black People Who Were Killed.\u201d Los Angeles Times<\/em>. April 26, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Levin, Sam. \u201cLynching Memorial Leaves Some Quietly Seething: \u2018Let Sleeping Dogs Lie.\u201d The Guardian<\/em>. April 28, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luscombe, Richard. \u201c\u2018The Sunrise City\u2019: Florida Community Reconciles with History of 1920s Race Riot.\u201d The Guardian<\/em>. n.d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martin, Trish. \u201cAllen Franks Family Home Burned in the 1920 Riot.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. February 21, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McLeod, Michael. \u201cFamilies Can\u2019t Forget.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. March 11, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezzei, Patricia. \u201cEx-Felons in Florida Must Pay Fines Before Voting, Appeals Court Rules.\u201d New York Times<\/em>. September 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/09\/11\/us\/florida-felon-voting-rights.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nichols, Mark. \u201cClosed voting sites hit minority counties harder for busy mid-term elections.\u201d USA Today<\/em>. October 30, 2018. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2018\/10\/30\/midterm-elections-closed-voting-sites-impact-minority-voter-turnout\/1774221002\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pear, Robert. \u201cReagan Backs Voting Rights Act But Wants to Ease Requirements.\u201d New York Times.<\/em> November 7, 1981. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1981\/11\/07\/us\/reagan-backs-voting-rights-act-but-wants-to-ease-requirements.html<\/a>. Accessed July 22, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quintana, Craig. \u201cRiot Still Painful for Ocoee.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. November 2, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robertson, Campbell. \u201cA Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. April 25, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samsock, Karen. \u201cHurston\u2019s Vivid Tale of Riot Comes Alive in Magazine.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. February 21, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seguin, Charles. \u201cHow Northern Newspapers Covered Lynchings.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. May 5, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staples, Brent. \u201cWhen Newspapers Justified Lynching.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. May 5, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stolberg, Cheryl Gay, and Caitlin Dickerson. \u201cHangman\u2019s Noose, Symbol of Racial Animus, Keeps Cropping Up.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. July 5, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toohey, Grace. \u201cNew Florida Law to Recognize, Teach 1920 Ocoee Massacre.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. June 25, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weiner, Rachel. \u201cFlorida early voting cuts survive.\u201d Washington Post<\/em>. September 24, 2012. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-politics\/wp\/2012\/09\/24\/florida-early-voting-cuts-survive\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whitesides, John, and Julia Harte. \u201cExplainer: Why vote by mail triggered a partisan battle ahead of November\u2019s election.\u201d Reuters<\/em>. April 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-election-absentee-voting-explaine\/explainer-why-vote-by-mail-triggered-a-partisan-battle-ahead-of-novembers-election-idUSKCN21W162<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Williams, Charley. \u201cLet Ocoee Massacre Marker Provide a Learning Opportunity.\u201d Orlando Sentinel<\/em>. June 21, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yee, Vivian. \u201cRoutine Voter Purge is Cited in Brooklyn Election Trouble.\u201d New York Times<\/em>. April 22, 2016. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/23\/nyregion\/routine-voter-purge-is-cited-in-brooklyn-election-trouble.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Online Articles<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe ACLU and Citizens United.\u201d ACLU<\/em>, 2021. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/other\/aclu-and-citizens-united<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baker v. Carr.<\/em> https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1960\/6<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBlock the Vote: How Politicians are Trying to Block Voters from the Ballot Box.\u201d ACLU<\/em>, August 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/news\/civil-liberties\/block-the-vote-voter-suppression-in-2020\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Byrne, Jason. \u201cOcoee on Fire: The 1920 Election Day Massacre.\u201d Medium<\/em>, November 23, 2014. Accessed April 19, 2021. https:\/\/medium.com\/florida-history\/ocoee-on-fire-the-1920-election-day-massacre-38adbda9666e<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCutting Early Voting is Voter Suppression.\u201d ACLU<\/em>, 2021. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/issues\/voting-rights\/cutting-early-voting-voter-suppression<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evenwel v. Abbott. <\/em>https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2015\/14-940<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFederal Court Rules Florida Law That Undermined Voting Rights Restoration is Unconstitutional.\u201d ACLU<\/em>, May 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/press-releases\/federal-court-rules-florida-law-undermined-voting-rights-restoration-unconstitutional<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, Theodore R. \u201cThe New Voter Suppression.\u201d Brennan Center for Justice,<\/em> January 16, 2020. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/new-voter-suppression<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lau, Tim. \u201cCitizens United Explained.\u201d Brennan Center for Justice<\/em>, December 12, 2019. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/citizens-united-explained<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLitigation to Protect Amendment 4 in Florida.\u201d Brennan Center for Justice<\/em>, September 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/court-cases\/litigation-protect-amendment-4-florida<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mobile v. Bolden<\/em>, 446 U.S. 55 (1980).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortiz, Paul. \u201cOcoee, Florida: Remembering \u2018the Single Bloodiest Day in Modern U.S. Political History\u2019.\u201d Facing South (Blog)<\/em>, May 14, 2010. https:\/\/www.facingsouth.org\/2010\/05\/ocoee-florida-remembering-the-single-bloodiest-day-in-modern-us-political-history.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raymond, Jonathan. \u201cArguments in suit over Florida \u2018poll tax\u2019 law to be heard at 11th Circuit in Atlanta today.\u201d 11 Alive<\/em>, July 22, 2021. https:\/\/www.11alive.com\/article\/news\/politics\/mccoy-v-desantis-florida-poll-tax-lawsuit-11th-circuit-atlanta\/85-7344cc2c-e15f-4afd-b7a4-66e671caee98.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reynolds v. Sims.<\/em> https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1963\/23<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Florida Senate.\u201d Redistricting \u2013 The Florida Senate. Accessed July 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.flsenate.gov\/session\/redistricting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Oral Histories<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cravero, Geoffrey and Bracy, Randolph. Oral History of Randolph Bracy<\/em>, September 14, 2021. https:\/\/youtu.be\/8eJSK_36Vq4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cravero, Geoffrey and Hickey, Robert. Oral History of Robert Hickey<\/em>, February 26, 2019. https:\/\/youtu.be\/yhaH48fBDQs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gordon, Fon and Thompson, Geraldine. Oral History of Geraldine Thompson<\/em>, October 26, 2021. https:\/\/youtu.be\/2VaD70q5wvk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rivera, Tiffany and Oliver, George. Oral History of George Oliver<\/em>, September 21, 2021. https:\/\/youtu.be\/TO-PCk7PtjI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Podcasts and Radio Segments<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Clark, Jim. \u201cHarry T. Moore: An Interview with Dr. Jim Clark.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2463<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clark, Jim, and Ben Green. \u201cHarry T. Moore, Part 1.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2488<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clark, Jim, Ben Green, Juanita Barton, Bill Gary, Oscar Dickson, and Althemese Barnes. \u201cHarry T. Moore, Part 2.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2489<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cravero, Geoffrey. \u201cAn Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 1.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2502<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cAn Interview with Paul Ortiz, Part 2.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2503<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Firpo, Julio. \u201cLegacy of the Ocoee Riot.\u201d RICHES Podcast Documentaries, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/2454<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kelley, Katie. \u201cIcons of Hate.\u201d A History of Central Florida, n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/5403<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salzman, Jeff. \u201cBurning the Karmas of Jim Crow; The Power of America\u2019s New Peace and Justice Memorial.\u201d The Daily Evolver, n.d. https:\/\/www.dailyevolver.com\/2018\/05\/burning-the-karmas-of-jim-crow\/?mc_cid=9522fb9ba7&mc_eid=39e8e96485<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stapleton, Kevin. \u201cJim Crow Signs,\u201d n.d. https:\/\/richesmi.cah.ucf.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/5510<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Theses and Dissertations<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dabbs, Jr., Lester. \u201cA Report of the Circumstances and Events of the Race Riot on November 2, 1920 in Ocoee, Florida.\u201d Stetson University, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hershaw, Paul. \u201cOcoee and Its Pioneers: An Account of the Settlement and Growth of Ocoee, Florida 1857-1928.\u201d University of Central Florida, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padgett, James Andrew. \u201cRebuilt and Remade: The Florida Citrus Industry, 1909-1939.\u201d MA Thesis, University of Central Florida. 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parrish, Vernon E. \u201cBloodshed, The Price of History.\u201d Student Term Paper. University of Florida, 1949.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parry, Katherine. \u201cConstructing African American Histories in Central Florida.\u201d University of Central Florida, 2008.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Primary Sources Books DuBois, W.E.B. \u201cThe Negro Farmer.\u201d In Negroes in the United States, by William Chamberlain Hunt, Walter Francis Wilcox, and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904. Hall, Charles E., and Z. R. Pettet. Negro in the United States, 1920-1932. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1935. Journal Articles Bates, Thelma. \u201cThe Legal Status… Read more »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3093,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-vrvs.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3081","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3081"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3081\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3292,"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3081\/revisions\/3292"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendingtowardjustice.cah.ucf.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}